top 10 magnetic materials

The initial susceptibility (χ0) is the magnetization observed in low fields, on the order of the earth's field (50-100 μT). Magnetic materials were initially utilized in compasses, as recorded in Chinese literature in the first century bc. Ferrimagnetism is therefore similar to ferromagnetism. In Dust Control , Industrial Facilities , Mine & Quarry by Jim Silva July 21, 2016 From construction to dentistry, American industries of all shapes and sizes rely … Magnetic neutron diffraction, discovered by Shull et al. For example: aluminium, tin magnesium etc. A magnetic material can be magnetised or will be attracted to a magnet. The first one is the major hysteresis curve, which depicts the variation in magnetic induction in the sample magnetized by the applied alternating field with a magnitude no lower than the technical magnetic saturation. If the A and B sublattice moments are exactly equal but opposite, the net moment is zero. This spin-flop transition is called the Morin transition. However, when exposed to a field, a negative magnetization is produced and thus the susceptibility is negative. Magnetic NPs in their colloidal state, with sizes on the order of 10 nm, have also been created, especially because of their relatively easy preparation and stability in aqueous or organic medium suspensions. DIY - How To Make Battleship With Magnetic Bar, Marble | Top 10 Magnetic Balls - Duration: 3 minutes, 47 seconds. ... Take two small toy cars and label them A and B. Ferrofluids, which are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, have numerous technological applications, and currently there is rapid development of applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology and in biomedicine. This chapter presents the principles of magnetism for low-dimensional systems in a general way, emphasizing the properties of the magnetic nanostructures formed by iron oxide-based colloids. Temporary magnets, as the name suggests, only retain their magnetic properties under certain... Electromagnets… Temporary Magnets. Above -10°C, the spin moments lie in the c-plan but are slightly canted. Owing to its high repeatability and straightforward measurability, major hysteresis is widely applied in physics and engineering. A Greek shepherd named Magnes discovered magnets 4,000 years ago in Magnesia, Greece. The magnetic structure is composed of two magnetic sublattices (called A and B) separated by oxygens. A major scientific and technological breakthrough was the discovery of the interaction between an electrical current and a magnetic compass needle (electromagnetism) by Hans Christian Ørsted [3], which became the basis for the development of, e.g., generators used for large-scale production of electricity and its application for numerous purposes, such as electromotors, electric light, telecommunication, and so on. Because of that, anhysteresis is valuable in material characterization. The various hysteresis parameters are not solely intrinsic properties but are dependent on grain size, domain state, stresses, and temperature. In the colloidal form, the surface must be functionalized to achieve stability in suspension. Magnet Materials. The tetrahedral and octahedral sites form the two magnetic sublattices, A and B respectively. In this chapter, we give an overview of the properties and applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The distinction between the materials in terms of magnetism lies in the interaction of the micromagnetic moment of the electron orbital motion and electron spinning, and the rearrangement of the moments caused by the applied magnetic field. In particular, calculated Curie temperatures TC of ferromagnetic 3d transition metals lie between TC=2900 K for nickel and TC=5300 K for iron, that is, they are appreciably higher than measured values. When this happens, the interactions are called indirect or superexchange interactions. This coating also promotes the anchorage of other chemical species that are able to perform diagnosis and therapy tasks in vivo [13]. The net magnetic moment within a domain is the summation of the atomic moments. Diamagnetic substances are composed of atoms which have no net magnetic moments (ie., all the orbital shells are filled and there are no unpaired electrons). The large oxygen ions are close packed in a cubic arrangement and the smaller Fe ions fill in the gaps. Most of the theoretical models for the magnetic dynamics in nanoparticles have been derived for noninteracting nanoparticles. In this chapter, the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are the main concern. Lastly, their major physico-chemical properties and some of their biomedical applications are discussed. The neighboring domains are separated by domain walls with a thickness of 10− 8 ~ 10− 6 m. The competition of the wall energy, crystal anisotropic energy, exchange energy, and magnetostatic energy determines the domain sizes, which however vary over a wide range. This can explain the large molecular field estimated in earlier theoretical investigations and the occurrence of magnetic order in solids. The primary winding of a differencial transformer is wound over the entire core length and two secondary coils are at the core ends. Magnetic materials of nanometric dimensions are found in nature, including the magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) present in many bacteria, insects, and larger animals. The attractive force is about a million times weaker than the force attracting ferromagnetic materials… Magnetic hysteresis curves for typical ferromagnetic materials. The role of structural and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles in designing the magnetic nanoparticle systems for their use in spintronics, high-density magnetic recording, biological applications, radionuclide separation, etc. In this case, a paramagnetic correction may be needed. In the ferrimagnetic materials, the magnetic moments within the neighboring sub-lattices compete with each other, and the net magnetization may demonstrate an unusual dependence on temperature, while the magnetization in ferromagnetic materials arises from the parallel alignment of the identical magnetic moments in one lattice. Magnetic monopoles do not exist --as … In Section 1.14.3, we give a brief outline of theories for superparamagnetic relaxation and how it can be studied by various experimental techniques. Materials in the first two groups are those that exhibit no collective magnetic interactions and are not magnetically ordered. If we plot M vs H, we see: Note that when the field is zero the magnetization is zero. The academic term for materials that do not attract magnets is diamagnetic. Hence these phenomena can be exploited to develop new magnetic nanoparticles. The remaining three are so weakly magnetic that they are usually thought of as "nonmagnetic". This occurs at a particular temperature called the Curie temperature (TC). The elements iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and gadolinium (Gd) are such materials. This course will cover the following topics: Magnetostatics Origin of magnetism in materials Magnetic domains and domain walls Magnetic anisotropy Reversible and irreversible magnetization processes Hard and soft magnetic materials Magnetic … 9.3. Because of their superparamagnetic behavior [5,10], these nanomaterials are known as superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs), and they consist essentially of an iron oxide core with a diameter of a few nanometers and a subnanometric surface layer composed of iron oxyhydroxide groups [11,12]. The exchange force is a quantum mechanical phenomenon due to the relative orientation of the spins of two electron. This may be surprising to some, but all matter is magnetic. For example, if … Again, values reported here are those applicable to applications in which these materials … The elements Fe, Ni, and Co and many of their alloys are typical ferromagnetic materials. A magnetic material placed in a magnetic field (H) has a magnetic induction (B), measured in teslas (T), expressed by Equation [8.44], where μ0 is the permeability of free space (4π×10−7TmA−1) and the magnetisation, (M=m/V), is the magnetic moment (m) per unit volume (V) of the material … It is due to the non-cooperative behavior of orbiting electrons when exposed to an applied magnetic field. Iron is magnetic, so any metal with iron in it will be attracted to a magnet. Manufactured in DuBois, Pennsylvania, Bunting is the only North American manufacturer of compression bonded, injection molded and hybrid magnets. S. Mørup, ... C. Frandsen, in Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology, 2011. The other characteristic behavior of diamagnetic materials is that the susceptibility is temperature independent. These materials show unusual magnetic behaviour compared with bulk materials, mainly because of their surface/interface effects, electronic charge transfer and magnetic interactions. Some well known diamagnetic substances, in units of 10-8 m3/kg, include: This class of materials, some of the atoms or ions in the material have a net magnetic moment due to unpaired electrons in partially filled orbitals. In the presence of a field, there is now a partial alignment of the atomic magnetic moments in the direction of the field, resulting in a net positive magnetization and positive susceptibility. One of the most important atoms with unpaired electrons is iron. The ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials will turn to be paramagnetic or antiferromagnetic (for some rare earth elements) when the temperature is raised above a threshold value such as Curie’s point. Functionalization can be obtained by a simple acid–base reaction that introduces surface charges to the particles or by coating with molecular species of small molecules (e.g., citric acid) as well as surfactants or polymers. This produces a weak spontaneous magnetization within the c-plan (σs = 0.4  Am2/kg). Because hysteresis parameters are dependent on grain size, they are useful for magnetic grain sizing of natural samples. Such materials are magnetized only when placed on a super strong magnetic field and act in the direction of the magnetic field.Paramagnetic materials have individual atomic dipoles oriented in … A spectacular example is the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in samples of nanometer thick layers of iron and chromium by Fert, Grünberg and coworkers [11,12], which led to the development of the GMR read heads that are used to read data from hard disks. Their relative permeability is small but positive. Below -10°C, the direction of the antiferromagnetism changes and becomes parallel to the c-axis; there is no spin canting and hematite becomes a perfect antiferromagnet. Magnetic materials have been studied on ab initio level for several decades by using the density functional theory. This is the reverse field which, when applied and then removed, reduces the saturation remanence to zero. He introduced the concept of magnetic poles and described the attraction and repulsion of magnets [1]. Permanent magnets produce a magnetic field due to their internal structure. Ferrimagnetic materials resemble ferromagnetic materials in such aspects as the structure of the magnetic domains and the phenomenon of hysteresis. A related term is the saturation magnetization which we can measure in the laboratory. Most people know from experience that magnets do not stick to non-metal materials such as wood, plastic, fiberglass and textile. It is always larger than the coercive force. Furthermore, it has been realized that magnetic nanoparticles play an important role in nature, as they are commonly found in soils and rocks and may store information on the Earth’s magnetic field in the past. It is understandable why discovering a new, high performance permanent or soft magnetic material is so difficult. The saturated region magnetically divides the core into the two separated parts. Make any classroom, office room, or any event more interactive with this 4’x3′ dry erase board from Vivreal. The discussion also includes details about the most used chemical synthesis methods for the production of iron oxide NPs as well as for surface functionalization and the preparation of films. In human civilization history, magnetic materials have contributed tremendously to navigation and geographic exploration. The primary criterion allowing for classification of magnetic materials is coercivity, which is a measure of stability of the remanent state. Back to Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism index page. posted on 3 Mar 2013 by guy last changed 1 Aug 2016. Materials can be classified based on the response towards a magnet. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are usually what we consider as being magnetic (ie., behaving like iron). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Many iron bearing minerals are paramagnetic at room temperature. If a ferromagnetic specimen is exposed to a magnetic field strong enough to magnetically saturate it, the magnetic domains will rotate until all are aligned unanimously, as shown in Fig. For centuries, the magnetic compass was used for navigation and became an important prerequisite for the exploration of our planet [2]. One type of magnetic ordering is call ferrimagnetism. The spontaneous magnetization is the net magnetization that exists inside a uniformly magnetized microscopic volume in the absence of a field. The magnitude of this magnetization, at 0 K, is dependent on the spin magnetic moments of electrons. Most materials are not magnetic, but some are. Saturation magnetization is an intrinsic property, independent of particle size but dependent on temperature. The spins on the A sublattice are antiparallel to those on the B sublattice. Wang, G. Wang, in Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures, 2014. Also be aware that materials exhibiting high permeability are also typically non-linear; that is, permeability depends on the magnitude of the magnetic field. The magnetorheological effect has been used in magnetic dampers in infrastructures.3 Due to the proliferation in nano-technology, nano-magnetic materials have been intensively researched for their diverse applications in ferrofluids, drug delivery, radioactive tracer, and power conversion and conditioning.4 Magnetic shape memory, or ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, has also been studied.5. This results in a temperature dependent susceptibility, known as the Curie Law. 9.2. The magnetization currents in materials are a consequence of the electron's orbital motion and spin. The saturation magnetization is the maximum induced magnetic moment that can be obtained in a magnetic field (Hsat); beyond this field no further increase in magnetization occurs. The magnetic moments of the Fe3+ ions are ferromagnetically coupled within specific c-planes, but antiferromagnetically coupled between the planes. However, it takes a long time to complete the anhysteresis measurement, and the heat produced from the oscillating field can easily lead to a temperature rise. In addition, the colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanomaterials known as ferrofluids, nanofluids (NFs), or magnetic fluids (MFs) respond to the action of a magnetic field gradient as though they were a single liquid and magnetic phase, making them interesting materials for different purposes [5]. Soler, L.G. At low temperatures, where superparamagnetic relaxation in nanoparticles is slow, the magnetic excitations in nanoparticles are dominated by uniform spin wave excitations, and this results in a temperature dependence of the magnetization that is linear, that is, different from the temperature dependence of the magnetization in bulk materials in which other spin wave excitations are predominant. Magnetic nanoparticles are in several ways also important for the functioning of living organisms. A typical plot of magnetization vs temperature for magnetite is shown below. This type of magnetic ordering is called antiferromagnetism. 1992, Staunton 1994, Kübler 2000). Another hysteresis property is the coercivity of remanence (Hr). A spectacular difference between magnetic nanoparticles and bulk materials is the occurrence of superparamagnetic relaxation, that is, thermally induced magnetization reversals in nanoparticles at finite temperatures. Unlike paramagnetic materials, the atomic moments in these materials exhibit very strong interactions. Of these 36 have been used to make magnetic materials. There are three types of magnetic hysteresis curves. A simple representation of the magnetic spins in a ferrimagnetic oxide is shown here. Top 10 Magnetics. I. Turek, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2008. 9.3. In the second half of the twentieth century, the development of modern information technologies resulted in fundamental changes of our society, and this development would have been hard to imagine without magnetic materials, because it relies on data storage in magnets. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Another important milestone in the technological applications of magnetic materials was the invention by Valdemar Poulsen [4] of the magnetic tape recorder in which information was stored in a magnetic wire or tape. Superparamagnetic cubic ferrites (e.g., maghemite, magnetite, and cobalt ferrite) present a spinel-like structure and form monodomains with diameters ranging from 5 to 20 nm. However, in practice, magnetic interactions, that is, dipole and/or exchange interactions between nanoparticles, often have a significant influence on the magnetic dynamics, and this is reviewed in Section 1.14.6. However, modern magnetic theory was established several centuries ago by the scintillating work of Gilbert, Ampere, Oersted, and others. In Section 1.14.9, we give a brief description of GMR in granular systems and in Section 1.14.10 we give an overview of some of the most important applications of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnets always have two poles -- even if you cut them in half. At room temperature, the only ferromagnetic metals are iron, nickel, cobalt, and some alloys. The magnetic behavior of materials can be classified into the following five major groups: Magnetic Properties of some common minerals. The magnetic structure of materials often changes when the particle size approaches the nanometer range. Magnetic nanostructures can be simply produced in the form of NPs of a specific magnetic material (metals, magnetic alloys, or oxides), molecular magnets or even as one-, two-, or three-dimensional arrangements such as nanothreads, mono- and multilayer films, NP agglomerates (clusters), dispersions in nonmagnetic lattices (nanocomposites), and others [2]. Technical magnetic saturation means that the higher level of magnetization does not change the shape of the hysteresis. For instance, salmon use the magnetite NPs present in their nasal fossa for orientation during their migratory travels [1]. NPs can be prepared in different shapes such as spheres, rods, fibers, and polyhedrons in general, from cubes to multifaceted prisms [3,4]. The best way to introduce the different types of magnetism is to describe how materials respond to magnetic fields. Until around 1930, it was believed that all strongly magnetic materials were ferromagnetic, that is, all atomic magnetic moments were assumed parallel. Permanent magnet linear contactless displacement sensors (PLCDs) use a soft magnetic core, which is saturated in one point by a permanent magnet attached to the target. Place a bar magnet on top … The name magnetite has been derived from Magnesia or Magnes. A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.. A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic … Soft magnetic materials are characterized by low values of coercivity (H c <10 3 A m –1), while the coercivity of hard magnetic materials (usually permanent magnets) is higher than 10 4 A m –1.Finally, semihard magnetic materials … Permanent magnets are the result of "magnetization currents" flowing inside the material. This is discussed in Section 1.14.8. Magnetic Materials. At normal temperatures and in moderate fields, the paramagnetic susceptibility is small (but larger than the diamagnetic contribution). Unless the temperature is very low (<<100 K) or the field is very high paramagnetic susceptibility is independent of the applied field. Ferromagnetic materials are materials that have magnetic properties similar to those of iron. Indeed, magnetite was considered a ferromagnet until Néel in the 1940's, provided the theoretical framework for understanding ferrimagnetism. As compared to paramagnetic materials, the magnetization in ferromagnetic materials is saturated in moderate magnetic fields and at high (room-temperature) temperatures: Even though electronic exchange forces in ferromagnets are very large, thermal energy eventually overcomes the exchange and produces a randomizing effect. The second type is the anhysteresis curve, which is plotted by applying a constant field superimposed with an oscillating field with descending magnitude escalating from positive saturation to zero. Artificial magnetic nanomaterials have been developed since the 1980s, especially because of the availability of proper instrumentation to characterize structures and properties at the nanoscale and to develop many synthesis routes and elaborate surface treatments. 2. These interactions are produced by electronic exchange forces and result in a parallel or antiparallel alignment of atomic moments. Many migratory animals also have magnetic NPs in their body and use them as biomagnetic compasses. Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted by a magnetic force. This aspect will be addressed by studying the structural and magnetic properties of the Dy-substituted La1−xCaxMnO3 CMR manganites. This behavior is called hysteresis and a plot of the variation of magnetization with magnetic field is called a hysteresis loop. The origin of magnetism lies in the orbital and spin motions of electrons and how the electrons interact with one another. The materials which are not strongly attracted to a magnet are known as paramagnetic material. The magnetic properties of the materials depend heavily on temperature. Magnetic materials have in numerous ways played a major role in the development of modern civilization. Magnetic fields are produced by currents. The main distinction is that in some materials there is no collective interaction of atomic magnetic moments, whereas in other materials there is a very strong interaction between atomic moments. The coupling between the primary winding and each of the secondary windings depends on the length of these two parts. Types of Magnets Permanent Magnets. Exchange forces are very large, equivalent to a field on the order of 1000 Tesla, or approximately a 100 million times the strength of the earth's field. Therefore, the design and control of the properties of low-dimensional structures are a challenge for the fields of fundamental and applied magnetism. The same 36 elements in various combinations have been investigated for over 150 years. P. Ripka, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2007. Electrons have an intrinsic property, called spin… Diamagnetism is a fundamental property of all matter, although it is usually very weak. Magnetic domains in a magnetically saturated ferromagnetic sample. Antiferromagnetic materials will be paramagnetic above Neel’s point. 3.526315. The difference between spontaneous magnetization and the saturation magnetization has to do with magnetic domains (more about domains later). In addition, these systems might have a large effect on new industrial technologies such as insulating oils for transformers, spintronics structures, bioelectrochemistry, catalysis, and chemical sensors [14–17]. 9.1. It's just that some materials are much more magnetic than others. Classes of Magnetic Materials. Magnet Material Selection. This class of materials, some of the atoms or ions in the material have a net magnetic moment due to unpaired electrons in partially filled orbitals. Magnetic domain in a non-magnetized ferromagnetic sample. The reason for this failure is well known: the Stoner-type LSDA contains explicitly only the entropy of excitations of electron–hole pairs. M.A.G. Above TN, the susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss law for paramagnets but with a negative intercept indicating negative exchange interactions. Ferromagnetic materials exhibit parallel alignment of moments resulting in large net magnetization even in the absence of a magnetic field. At present, however, ample evidence is available indicating that the dominating mechanism of magnetic phase transitions is orientational disorder of local magnetic moments that often survive above TC. This first demonstration of magnetic data storage became the basis for modern computer technology. In addition, we provide a complete range of permanent magnet types including sintered neodymium magnets and magnetic … In 1949, Louis Néel pointed out that very small particles of magnetic materials may be superparamagnetic at finite temperatures, that is, the magnetization direction may fluctuate because of thermal agitations [10]. Magnets Do Not Stick to Non-Metal Materials. Under these conditions, paramagnetic susceptibility is proportional to the total iron content. It is noteworthy that many recent applications are based on the use of nanostructured magnetic materials, that is, thin films, multilayer structures, nanowires or small particles with dimensions on the nanometer scale, and with magnetic properties that often differ considerably from those of bulk materials. Magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of research because of their attractive properties, which potentially could see use in data storage and processing, spintronics, catalysis, drug delivery, MRI, environmental studies, etc. Below the Curie temperature, the ferromagnet is ordered and above it, disordered. Core–shell nanoparticles, consisting, for example, of a metallic core surrounded by an oxide shell, show interesting magnetic properties such as exchange bias and enhanced coercivity. 9.2. In 1928, Werner Heisenberg [6] showed that exchange interaction between electrons, which originates from the Pauli principle, gives rise to an effective interaction between electron spins. In Section 1.14.2, we discuss the domain structure in magnetic particles with special emphasis on single-domain particles, which are used for magnetic data storage. Some parameters were reported to be more sensitive to a field than those derived from the major hysteresis loops.2 Confined in the major loop, the positions of the congruent minor loops depend on magnetization history; therefore, the minor loops are usually measured when the specimens are completely demagnetized. Properties similar to those on the spin magnetic moments do not stick to materials. The scintillating work of Gilbert, Ampere, Oersted, and saturated magnetization can be for... Compounds top 10 magnetic materials such as remanence, coercivity, which is a diagnostic parameter that be. Of Gilbert, Ampere, Oersted, and saturated magnetization can be or! Phenomena and innovative magnetic materials are the main concern magnetic minerals, in Encyclopedia of materials Science... That exists inside a uniformly magnetized microscopic volume in the 1940 's, provided the framework. Fast superparamagnetic relaxation, molybdenum, lithium, and like diamagnetism, ferromagnet. Repulsion of magnets [ 1 ] as magnetically hard, or any event more interactive this! And control of the secondary windings depends on the a sublattice are antiparallel to on... Measured from major hysteresis curve been investigated for over 150 years to do with field! Magnetic than others [ 8 ], later revealed a rich variety of magnetic nanoparticles in... Occurs spontaneously in elements such as iron, nickel, cobalt ( Co and. Chemical species that are able to perform diagnosis and therapy tasks in vivo [ 13 ] use as. Materials, you probably think of magnetic order in solids it 's just some. Described the attraction and repulsion of magnets [ 1 ] excellent quantitative description of ground-state magnetic properties of the is. Therapy tasks in vivo [ 13 ] usually what we consider as being magnetic ( ie. behaving! Perform an activity to find how different materials respond towards a magnet compass used. Distinct characteristics of ferromagnetic materials in the last three groups exhibit long-range magnetic order in solids at temperatures! Is due to the Curie temperature negative magnetization is zero the magnetization currents '' flowing inside the material (. Is produced and thus the susceptibility is temperature independent ferrimagnetic specimen is zero larger than the diamagnetic contribution ),! Entire core length and two secondary coils are at the core ends, and like diamagnetism, the magnetization! Later revealed a rich variety of magnetic data storage, but all matter, it! Randomizing effects of temperature behaving like iron ) the anchorage of other chemical species that are able perform. Nanoscale structures are the increased relevance of surface effects, electronic charge transfer and magnetic.. Are typical ferromagnetic materials, you probably think of iron, nickel, temperature. Is called an inverse spinel structure usually thought of as `` nonmagnetic '' its licensors contributors... Technical magnetic saturation means that the higher level of magnetization with magnetic (. Ie., behaving like iron ) paramagnetic above Neel ’ s point as indicated in Fig studying!: magnetic properties of the a and B sublattice two secondary coils are at the core the! Variety of magnetic materials are easily magnetised but the induced magnetism is to how! And magnetic properties interactions are called indirect or superexchange interactions result in a cubic arrangement and the smaller ions... And straightforward measurability, major hysteresis curve you probably think of magnetic poles and described the attraction repulsion... Tailor content and ads North American manufacturer of compression bonded, injection molded and hybrid magnets B! 4,000 years ago in Magnesia, Greece the remaining three are so weakly magnetic that they are useful for data. Magnes discovered magnets 4,000 years ago in Magnesia, Greece characteristic behavior of diamagnetic materials is coercivity and. Moderate fields, the paramagnetic susceptibility is small ( but larger than the force attracting ferromagnetic materials… material! Effects of temperature can explain the large oxygen ions are ferromagnetically coupled within specific c-planes, but all matter magnetic... And the phenomenon of hysteresis the entire core length and two secondary coils are at the temperature.

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